10A=The M01ak0ff News, ThursdaY,_June !1,1.981
t
Enough about motherly level It's
your turn to stand up and claim credit
for all the hours you've devoted to the
care and feeding of the little ones.
Not just the time and energy you've
spent providing food and shelter, but all
those hours invested in midnight bottle
feedings, diaper changings, hack-to-
school nights, endless piano and dance
recitals, refereeing at soccer games
and providing unlimited chauffeur ser-
vice.
It's enough to make you feel like a
proud papa, especially when you stop
and realize that fatherly love is rather
rare in the animal kingdom, says Dr.
Devra G. Kletman, a zoologist at the
Smithsonian's National Zoological
Park in Washington, D.C.
More often than not, she says, the
father shows almost no interest in his
offspring, other than perhaps defending
a territory against intruders. Even
among paternal types, there is wide
variation in how much fathers invest in
their young, she notes, with male
animals investing less than birds and
fishes, though more than reptiles and
some amphibians.
Still, there are dedicated daddies
throughout the animal kingdom--from
the beaver to the bush dog, from the
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phalarope to the penguin. Here's a
Father's Day salute to them.
Top honors for paternal provisioning
must surely go to the Emperor
Penguin, the largest of the penguins,
which makes its home on the
irthospitalble shelf ice of Antarcica.
While we in the Northern Hemisphere
are enjoying summer, it is winter in An-
tarctica and perpetually dark. Even as
you read this, each papa penguin is
standing alone with a single egg in the
dark, bitter cold, abandoned by his
mate after a two-month whirlwind
courtship.
During their late fall fling, the male
and female, apparently occupied with
better things to do, entirely forgo eating
and engage instead in an elaborate
series of displays which culminate in
mating. The female lays one egg, then
promptly vanishes off to sea to feast,
leaving her hapless, hungry helpmate
holding the egg.
The male penguin does not build a
nest but holds the egg on his feet,
covering it with a fold of his bellyskin
throughout the entire incubation
period. Since he does not dare abandon
his potential offspring in order to eat,
by the time the chick hatches some 60
days later, the male has lost 35 to 45
percent of his weight during his four-
month fast.
If the vacationing mamma has not
returned by the time baby hatches,
daddy also caters the first meal for the
chick. The story has a happy ending,
though, since morn eventually returns
and both parents share the brooding
and feeding responsibilities for the next
five months. While much is known
about this extraordinary example of
fatherhood, no one has carried out
studies on marital bliss among the
peripatetic penguin.
The usual parental roles are even
more reversed in the red phalarope, a
slim-necked shorebird that breeds on
the Arctic tundra and winters at sea,
south of the equator. The small, sub-
dued-color males are ardently pursued
by the larger, more gaily dressed
females until the male succumbs to her
charms and builds a nest, usually on a
low bank covered with short grass. The
female duly deposits as many as four
eggs, then takes off for the open tundra,
perhaps to flirt with other males,
leaving the would-be father to incubate
the eggs and raise the chicks on his
own. Such unseemly maternal behavior
led one naturalist to observe that the
female red phalarope is a "poor mother
at best."
Moving on from feathered fathers to
the watery world of fishes, there are a
number of species in which the male
guards the eggs laid by the female, but
only a few fish can compete with the
curious case of the seahorse, a small,
warm-water creature in which the male
literally gives birth.
The female seahorse dumps her eggs
in a specialized brood pouch located
beneath the male's tail and swims
away--forever. At birth, the male con-
torts his body and expels the young
through the single opening in the pouch.
It's a labor of love that keeps the
seahorse sire quite busy-the dwarf
seahorse, for example, breeds nine
months of the year and is capable of
giving birth every 10 days to a whole
new batch of fish fry.
Sad to say, such fatherly devotion is
rare among mammals, zoologist
Kleiman points out, but to be perfectly
fair, there are sound biological reasons
which partly explain this fatherly
neglect. After all, among mammals,
only the female can "incubate" the egg
since it is fertilized internally, and only
the mother has the ability--and equip-
ment--to nurse the young. This rules out
two roles for male mammals that male
birds and fishes can perform as well as
their female mates.
But if you disregard these sex dif-
ferences, Kleiman says, male mam-
mals do have the same potential to care
for the young as females. They can
provide food, shelter, defense,
cleaning, carrying and grooming. They
can also socialize, play and babysit
with the youngsters.
Yet, in an extensive survey carried
out by Kleiman and a colleague, Dr.
James R. Malcolm, on male paternal
investment in mammals, only a few
prize-winning poppas turned up.
One candidate for Father of the Year
is the busy beaver. Not only does the
male beaver build and maintain the
lodge and stock the larger with food for
the winter, but when the babies are
born, he provides food for them, cleans
and carries them, babysits and huddles
with the tykes, all the while main-
taining a constant vigil against
predators.
Then there's the South American
bush dog, a relative of the common
household dog. In what is probably
unique behavior among male mam-
mals, the short, squat bush dog actively
participates in raising the young from
the moment of birth, according to
biologist Ingrid Porton, a student of
Kleiman's who is studying bush dog
behavior at the Zoo's Conservation and
Research Center in Front Royal, Va.
"The father's role is incredible," an
admiring Porton says. "In one instan-
ce, we saw a male help pull the pup
tax
Taxpayers, when faced with an IRS
audit, are presumed guilty and must
prove their own innocence, according to
Congressman Jim Collins of Texas.
Even accused criminals in the legal
system enjoy the right of being innocent
until proven guilty.
Collins has introduced the Tax-
payers' Bill of Rights which would shift
the burden of proof from the taxpayer
to the IRS.
"The average American taxpayer
does not fully comprehend the 14
volumes and over 7,000 pages of com-
plex tax laws and regulations. Forcing
them to prove their own innocence is
placing the average taxpayer at a great
disadvantage to the IRS, who agents
are well trained and work with the tax
laws every day," Collins said.
The Texas Congressman cited a
report by the Citizen's Choice National
Commission on Taxes and the IRS, in
which a tax attorney who appeared as a
witness testified: "Essentially our first
contact with the... Service Is: This per-
son owes the taxes and should pay
whatever they have at the time, or this
person has attempted to evade taxes or
unlawfully failed to file a tax return. An
immediately the burden is shifted to the
taxpayer to prove otherwise. And that's
a principle that is followed and prac-
ticed."
Collins noted that the presumption of
innocence has been part of western law
since ancient Greece and was a central
feature in Roman law.
"The American taxpayers who have
more government than they want, more
regulations than they need, and more
taxes than they can afford to pay,
from the female
each of the births
male pulls out and consttmet
the afterbirth.
"As soon as the pups
father aids the mother
pups dry and from then
nearly equal role in
young. The mother nurses
for about 10 weeks
the father continues to
sleeps with the pups,
regulate their
ts them. It's a very
Other model ms
the golden lion marmoset,
the predominant role in
ter the baby reaches
age, and the African
not only provides the
care but is helped
living in his pack.
So the next time
burdens of fl
you're in good--but
Think about the poor
and count
deserve fairness and
federal tax system. Why f
cused criminal under the
have
the tax system? My bill
taxpayers their basic
said.
The Collins T
--H.R.
sors and is in the WaYS
Committee of the U.~"
Representatives.
Cuffs and
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Cuffs and collar:;
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dry room, advises
clothing specialist.
Pretreat spots and
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Rub the area
a paste of granular
water.
Also, you can bu
products, but be sure
cording to directions,
says.
Ms: Brown is on
staff of the Texas
sion Service, The Texas
sity System.
The most
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